Seller is only responsible for having the goods packed made available at the seller's premises. The buyer bears the full risk and costs from there to the destination - including the loading of the cargo.

Seller is only responsible for delivery to the named place. The seller is responsible for the loading. Risk and cost are transferred to the buyer as soon as delivered at named place. Unloading is the buyer's responsibility.

Seller is responsible for delivering goods at the port alongside the vessel. From this point, onwards risk and cost transfers to the buyer.

Seller is responsible for goods loaded on board the vessel. Risk and cost are transferred as soon as the goods have been loaded onboard the vessel.

Seller covers freight costs to the named port of destination or place. Risk is transferred as soon as the goods have been loaded onboard the vessel.

Seller arranges the transportation and costs to the named destination. Risk is transferred to the buyer once delivered at the first carrier.

Seller covers insurance and freight costs to the named port of destination or place. Risk is transferred as soon as the goods have been loaded onboard the vessel. Seller is required to obtain the minimum insurance cover complying with Institute Cargo Clauses (C) in the buyer's name.

Seller arranges the transportation, costs, and insurance on behalf of the buyer to the named place at the destination. Risk is transferred to the buyer once delivered at the first carrier. The seller must obtain extensive insurance cover complying with insurance Cargo Clauses (A) or a similar clause in the buyer's name

"Delivered at Frontier" means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer on the arriving means of transport not unloaded, cleared or export but not cleared for import at the named point and place at the frontier, but before the customs border of the adjoining country.
The term "frontier" may be used forany frontier including that of the country of export.
Therefore, it is of vital importance that the frontier in question be defined precisely by always naming the point and place in the term.

"Ex Ship" means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer on board the ship not cleared for import at the named port of destination.
The seller has to bear all costs and risk involved in bringing the goods to the named port of destination before discharging.

"Delivered Ex Quay" means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer not cleared for import on the quay (wharf) at the named port of destination.
The seller has to bear costs and risks involved in bringing the goods to the named port of destination and discharging the goods on the quay (wharf).
The DEQ term requires the buyer to clear the goods for import and to pay all formalities, duties, taxes and other charges upon import.

Seller assumes all costs and risks until the goods are unloaded at the agreed named place of destination. The buyer is responsible for import customs formalities.

Seller delivers goods to the agreed place destination. Seller assumes all costs - including import formalities and risks until the goods are ready for unloading at named place of destination.

Seller delivers the goods to the agreed place at the destination. Seller assumes all costs and risks until the goods are ready for unloading at the named place of destination.

1. It all started way back over 200 years ago: In 1812, British Courts established Free On Board (FOB) shipment terms indicating who is liable for damaged in shipping were established. These established rules were the seeds that would eventually grow into Incoterms® we know today!
2. Booming Trade: Up until 1936, the original FOB rules were updated only once. It was in this year that the ICC would publish 6 rules, making these the first truly global standardization for worldwide trade.
3. World War II: After the second world war, lots of trade standards and agreements had to be mended, re-written, and new rules established.
4. New Modes = New Rules: As new forms of transportation emerged, Incoterms had to evolve as well. In 1953, 3 new rules were added to include Trains, Trucks, and specific costs.
5. FOB: The first air freight was officially delivered in 1910, but it took until 1976 to include air FOB rules into Incoterms®!
6. Electrification: in 1990, Incoterms® underwent a massive re-build, as more and more electronic services became available.
7. Ever-changing landscape: In 2010 with so many changes and increases with shipping, Incoterms® had to make adjustments as well. In 2010, 4 Incoterms were done away with, and 3 all-new Incoterms were added.
8. Incoterms® 2020 were released.